Question: What are the 32 fards [essentials, binding duties]?
ANSWER
Every Muslim has to know the 32 fards. They are as follows:
Fundamentals of iman: 6
Fundamentals of Islam: 5
Fards of salat: 12
Fards of wudu’: 4
Fards of ghusl: 3
Fards of tayammum: 2
There are also scholars who say that tayammum has three fards. In that case, they add up to 33.

Fundamentals of iman (6)
1. To have belief in the existence and Oneness of Allahu ta’ala,
2. To have belief in angels,
3. To have belief in the books revealed by Allahu ta’ala,
4. To have belief in the prophets sent by Allahu ta’ala,
5. To have belief in the Last Day,
6. To have belief in qadar, that is, khair (good) and sharr (evil) come from Allahu ta’ala,

Fundamentals of Islam (5)
7. To say the Kalima ash-shahada,
8. To perform the five daily salats when their times come,
9. To give the zakat of one’s property,
10. To fast every day of the month of Ramadan,
11. (for a person who qualifies) to perform the hajj [major pilgrimage] once in his or her life,

Fards of salat (12)
Salat has 12 fards, 6 of which are preconditions, i.e., they are performed before one begins salat. They are also called conditions:
12. Taharat [purification] from hadas [the state of being without wudu’ or ghusl],
13. Taharat from najasat [substances which Islam prescribes as unclean],
14. Satr-i awrah [covering parts of the body that are called awrah],
15. Istiqbal-i Qibla [facing the Qibla],
16. Waqt [prescribed time],
17. Niyyah [intention],

The fards inside the salat are 6. They are also called rukns:

18. Takbir of tahrima [it is also called takbir of iftitah which means to say Allahu akbar when beginning salat],
19. Qiyam [standing],
20. Qiraat [reciting],
21. Ruku’ [bending],
22. Sajda [prostration],
23. Qa’da-i akhira [last sitting],

Some scholars state that takbir of iftitah belongs to preconditions. According to them, the conditions of salat are 7 while its rukns are 5.

Fards of wudu’ (4)
24. To wash the face,
25. To wash both arms together with the elbows,
26. To apply masah [rubbing one’s wet hands] on one-fourth of the head,
27. To wash the feet together with the ankle bones on both sides,

Fards of ghusl (3)
28. To wash the mouth,
29. To wash inside the nose,
30. To wash every part of the body,

Fards of tayammum (2)
31. To make niyyah [intention],
32. To rub the two palms on clean soil and to make masah [rubbing] on the face. Then to rub for a second time two hands on the soil and make masah on the right arm first and on the left one second.

According to the scholars who say tayammum has three fards, the last two practices (to make masah on the face and to make masah on the arms) are counted as two different fards.

Question: What are the 54 fards?
ANSWER
Islamic scholars have chosen 54 fards from the fards that every Muslim has to learn, believe, and observe. They are as follows:

1. To believe in the Oneness of Allahu ta’ala and to never forget Him [that is, to be careful so that everything you do is compatible with Islam],  

2. To eat and drink the things that are halal,

3. To perform wudu’ [ablution],

4. To perform the five daily salats when their times come,

5. To perform ghusl after haid [menstruation] and nifas [postnatal bleeding] and in order to extricate yourself from the state of janabat [impurity caused by sexual intercourse or by the flow of semen],

6. To believe the fact that Allahu ta’ala is the Guarantor of your rizq [sustenance],

7. To wear clean and halal clothes,

8. To work by putting your trust (tawakkul) in Allah,

9. To be satisfied with what you have,

10. To be thankful to Allahu ta’ala for His blessings [to use His blessings in accordance with the command of Islam],

11. To be content with qada and qadar,

12. To be patient with afflictions [not to be rebellious],

13. To make tawba [repentance] for your sins,

14. To perform your acts of worship with ikhlas [doing all the good deeds and worships for the sake of Allahu ta’ala and for the purpose of obtaining His love and pleasure],

15. To consider the enemies of Islam as enemies,

16. To know the Qur’an al-karim as one of the four sources of Islam,

17. To prepare yourself for death, that is, to strive to die with iman by performing the fards and avoiding the harams,

18. To love whom Allahu ta’ala loves and not to love and to stay away from whom He does not love [it is termed hubb-i fillah and bughd-i fillah],

19. To do goodness to your parents,

20. (For those who qualify) to spread the commandments of Islam as much as possible,

21. To visit your mahram relatives who obey Islam,

22. Not to commit breach of trust (amanat),

23. To always abstain from what is haram out of fear of Allah,

24. To obey Allah and His Prophet [that is, to do everything compatibly with Islam],

25. To avoid sins and to perform acts of worship,

26. Not to rebel against a ruler,

27. To observe the terrestrial and celestial creatures to take lessons,

28. To ponder about the existence of Allahu ta’ala,

29. To protect your tongue from saying haram and obscene words.

30. To purify your heart from useless things and harmful worldly wishes,

31. Not to make fun of anyone,

32. Not to look at what is haram,

33. To always be faithful to your word,

34. To protect your ears from listening to obscene words and musical instruments,

35. To learn commandments and prohibitions of Islam,

36. To measure and weigh accurately in buying and selling,

37. To always fear the torment of Allahu ta’ala and not to consider yourself to be safe from it,

38. Not to despair of Allahu ta’ala’s Mercy,

39. To give the zakat of your property to poor Muslims and to help them,

40. Not to follow the prohibited desires of your nafs,

41. To give food to a hungry person for the sake of Allah,

42. To work in order to acquire sufficient rizq (it consists of food, clothes and a house),

43. To give the zakat of your property and to give the ‘ushr of your crops,

44. Not to have sexual intercourse with your wife during a menstrual period or postnatal bleeding,

45. To purify your heart from sins,

46. To abstain from being arrogant,

47. To protect the property of an orphan,

48. To refrain from states and actions that cause carnal feelings towards young boys,

49. Not to omit any of the five daily salats,

50. Not to associate partners with Allah,

51. To avoid fornication,

52. Not to drink alcoholic beverages,

53. Not to swear in vain,

54. Not to take away others’ possessions unjustly and by violence, that is, by ill-gotten means, and to be in fear of violating others’ rights. [The most important right violation that incurs the severest requital is not to enjoin what is good (amr-i ma’ruf) and not to teach religious information to those who are your relatives and who are under your command. So is the case with bid’at holders who strive to change the creed of Ahl as-Sunnat and corrupt the religion and faith.]